The Declaration Of Independence And The United States Of...

40 Acers and a Mule Was Never Enough The United States of America is known as a place of God-given rights and equality for a diverse group of people. Since the founding of America, it was built off of the blood, sweat, and tears of immigrates. Yet, since the primeval years of this nation’s commencement, African American women rights have been adjusted or eliminated because of the pigmentation of their skin and has limited their right to exercise inalienable Rights taken for granted by even men of their own race and has set restrictions in society based on the color of their skin. The Declaration of Independence was written to express the reason for revolt against England and that they had no representation in England to voice their rights and opinions. Our founding fathers wrote, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness† (5). This statement clearl y does not indicate â€Å"white men† in detail but the problem is, it does not prescribe exactly who â€Å"all men† where. In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776 during the Continental Congress, not one African American was present nor represented. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States Of America Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe Declaration of Independence allowed the colonies of the United States of America their own governmental structure. After the war with Britain, the United States sought out a structure giving the citizens of America their own rights. These rights include: freedom of speech, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, freedom of religion, the ability to make their own decisions, own form of government and taxation and more. The declaration was made by the merchant class of America, the foundingRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence Of The United States Of America Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pageswhic h has served as the foundation of Justice in the United States of America. However, throughout history we’ve also witnessed and learned about events, presidential terms, and cultural and demographic evidence that show how the Pillars of Citizenship have not successfully worked toward the achievement of significant milestones that pertain to nationalization, globalization and equality up to this very day. The Declaration of Independence states that every citizen is granted the right to life, libertyRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States Of America Essay1411 Words   |  6 Pagesour oldest documents, which have served as the foundation of the United States of America. Throughout history we’ve witnessed events, presidential terms, and cultural and demographical evidence that show how the Pillars of Citizenship have not successfully worked toward executing the achievement of important milestones amongst nationalization, globalization and equality up to this very day. The Declaration of Independence states that every citizen is granted the right to life, liberty and pursuitRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence of the United States of America3256 Words   |  14 PagesIN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776. The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America, When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Natures God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separationRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The Second President Of The United States Of America1656 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Jefferson, writer of the Declaration of Independence and the third president of the United States of America, was born on April 13, 1743. The future president was born to the parents of Peter Jefferson, a well-known and successful planter, and Jane Randolph, a prominent member of a very well-known and distinguished Virginian family. Jefferson was the third of ten children who were raised on the Shadwell slave plantation in Virginia. Starting from the early a ge of nine, Thomas Jefferson beganRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence : What Shaped And Provided The Freedom The United States Of America1030 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The declaration of Independence is what shaped and provided the freedom the United States of America has today. The Declaration of Independence today is looked at a symbol for America to reflect on as it paved the way for most of the rights we have today. This document has been fundamental to american history longer than any other text because it was the first text to use â€Å"The United States of America† and in a sense the Declaration was the birth certificate of the American nationRead MoreGovernmental Foundation in the Declaration of Independence Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesJuly 4, 1776, the United States of Americas Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This document, primarily written by Thomas Jefferson, announced that the thirteen colonies were declaring their independence and, in doing so, were independent states apart from the British Empire. The Declaration of Independence is comprised mainly of colonial grievances and assertions of human rights. The Declaration of Independence formed a profoundRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence: Americas Foundation Essay example1229 Words   |  5 Pagesissue the Declaration of Independence being a legal document has been up for debate in courts for many years now. Although, the Declaration of Independence clarifies the United States identity as a free nation, it has generated intense controversy. Some feel strongly that it did not clearly define the new powers that the thirteen colonies would acquire and did not define the identity of the United States; while, others firmly believe that without the Declaration of Independence the United States wouldRead MoreThe Declaration, Facts And Emotions909 Words   |  4 PagesThe Declaration, Facts and Emotions for Independence The 4th of July, the United States of America’s very-own birthday, a day of celebration of its citizens God-given rights and liberties, and its independence from the crown of Great Britain. If America was â€Å"born† on the 4th of July in the year 1776, then The Declaration of Independence could be considered its very own birth certificate. The Declaration of Independence, as time has proven, is one of the most successful arguments ever made byRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence1200 Words   |  5 Pages The Declaration of Independence is one of the most remarkable documents of the United States of America. The elaborate document contains almost fourteen-hundred words including a basic structure divided into two parts and within the two divided parts contains four main ideas within seven components. The declaration is not just any standard written document; it is a work of art painted by colonists who are driven by rage because of King George III of Great Britain injustices’ toward the colonies

A Brief Note On Violent Crime, Taught By Professor Thad...

The arsonis The Profile of an Arsonist Janine Peter, Branon Ryals Florida Institute of Technology Author Note This paper was prepared for CR4820 – Violent Crime, taught by Professor Thad Clancy. Abstract In this paper we will discuss the profile of an arsonist. Discussed will be the various reasons as to why an arson is committed. The various demographics of the individuals that choose to commit arson are explored. The motivation for the arson plays a big role in when, where, and why an arson is committed by an individual. By looking at all of the concepts that are associated with the arsonist and arson, the reader will have a better understanding of how complexity of the arsonist profile. The Profile of an Arsonist The crime of arson was one that many governments choose to ignore for many years. The â€Å"governments, public authorities and insurers adopted an ostrich-like attitude to the gathering crime of arson† (Woodward, 1988). It eventually became so bad in the United States that the public took it upon themselves to develop local task forces as a way to combat the problem, which in turn cause the United States Government to react to the growing arson problem. Identifying when an arson has happened is only part of the issue facing law enforcement offices today. Understanding the reasoning behind why an arson has occurred, and who fits the profile for a particular arson is the challenge that investigators face. By identifying if a fire was accidental or

The Enforceability of Contractual Promises

Question: Discuss about the Enforceability of Contractual Promises. Answer: Introduction The law of contract guides people in the management of promises. There is a need to acknowledge that not all promises that people make enforceable in law. For a court to enforce a promise or agreement, it must look for the existence of some elements. If all the elements are present, then the court will rule that the agreement or the promise was a contract. This paper is an examination of five cases where there were promises. It will therefore analyze them using the law of contract to decide whether they were enforceable contracts. Armstrong V Gibson Gibson and Armstrong entered into an agreement concerning a delivery. Armstrong was to deliver the toys to Gibsons customers. While undertaking the contract, Armstrong insisted on raising the transportation charges because he had underestimated the size of the load. Gibson reluctantly accepted the increase for he didnt want to fail his customers, yet he never had time to get another transporter. Armstrong completed the delivery, but Gibson refused to pay the extra raised charges. A valid contract must carry its contents which are also called the terms or clauses of a contract. Any enforceable agreement will usually consist some terms however simple it could be. So while analyzing this case, this paper shall first look at the existence of the terms. Within a contract, the main terms are usually the price to be paid by one party, and the service or the goods to be provided by the other party. In this case, Gibson was to pay Amstrong for a delivery service. So there was a contract, and the parties were on the same track up to that point. When it came to executing the contract, one party decided to change the terms on the grounds of a mistake. The law of contract recognizes that mistakes can happen while making a contract. Where only one party makes the mistakes, the mistake is called a unilateral mistake (Miller Jentz 2011, p. 279) In consideration of the above explanation, the errors between Armstrong and Gibson fall under unilateral mistakes. In most cases, such cases a prone to modification. Where both parties agree in good faith about the acceptance of amendment, both parties are bound to such modification, and Gibson was supposed to pay Armstrong the extra money. A mirror case that can illustrate this well is Williams v Roffey Bros (1990) 2 WLR 1153. The court held that Roffey was liable to pay the extra payment since William helped him to avoid the penalty from Shepherds Bush Housing Association. So like William, Armstrong should sue Gibson to recover his extra payments. Jenny V Boutique Cashier Jenny saw a dress on display in a boutique that caught her attention. She decides to buy the dress, and so she walked to the cashier to pay. When she got to the cashier, she realized that she had no enough money. So she asked the cashier to reserve the dress while she rushes to the ATM for more cash. She quickly left before the cashier responded to her request. When she came back with the money, she found that the cashier had already sold the dress. The question in law here is whether there was a valid contract between the cashier and the Jenny. While answering this question, this paper shall illustrate to when an invitation to treat becomes a valid contract. The dress on display in a boutique was an invitation to treat which attracted Jenny to make an offer. In other words, an invitation to treat is an expression telling other people that they are welcome to come and negotiate with you. So this is to say, Jenny accepted an advertisement of a dress on display and made an offer to the cashier. Therefore, it was up to the cashier to accept or dismiss it. For a formation of a contract, the offeree must accept the offer. Plus, the offeree must clearly communicate the acceptance to the offeror. So Jennys offer didnt wait for Cashier to accept the offer. The general rule disregards silence as an acceptance. The best illustration of this reasoning was illustrated in Felthouse v Bindley (1862) EWHC CP J35. The Court of Common Pleas held that there was no contract because Felthouse could not conclude that Bindley accepted the offer by not hearing from him. So Jenny should accept that there was no contract and look for another dress. Arthur V Joseph This case illustrates whether there was a complete contract and whether the failure to see the acceptance constituted a breach. The background of the case started at 9.00am on Monday 13 August when Joseph, a car dealer, sent a telex to Arthur offering to sell him a rare vintage car for $50,000. Arthur received the telex at 9.15am and telexes the acceptance back at 2.00pm. However, Joseph didnt check whether he had received the acceptance from Arthur. So at 2.30pm, he received an offer for Charles, and he accepted. At 4.00pm Arthur then learned that Joseph sold the car to James. He also learned that the same car would cost him an additional $2,000. So he sent Joseph another text demanding the car at 5:00 pm. The message only made Joseph realize that Arthur had accepted the offer before Charles bid. As illustrated above, an offer becomes a contract when the offeree accepts it. Also, a valid acceptance must be shown by the offeree, and the acceptance should be clear. In the case of Arthur and Joseph, the acceptance was communicated through a telex. Acceptance works in two ways. When both parties are at a close distance or they are there at the same place, and same time when the offeror is offering the offer, they conclude the contract when the offeree communicates the acceptance at the same location and same time. Considerably, distant contracts that rely on post or messengers become abiding when the offeree put the acceptance in the process of transmission. However, the offeree becomes bound to the contract after the offeror receives the reply. That is because it might take days or get intercepted by a third party. But when dealing with phone or telex where there was a direct communication, the completion of the contract happens when the offeror receives the reply message. This case was explained in details in BhagwandasGoverdhandasKedia v. M/s.GirdharilalParshottamdas (1966) AIR 543 and in Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl GmbH(1983) 2 AC 34. In this case, Arthur was bound by the contract when Joseph received the acceptance reply at 2:00 pm when the message arrived at Josephs office. Also, Joseph became bound to the contract when he received the message whether he read it or not. So Arthur can sue Joseph for to recover the damages that he would undergo if he buys the car at an extra price. Jones V Peter In this case, the cause of dispute involves Jone entering into a contract to decorate and furnish Peters apartment. Peter agreed to pay him $1,000, on completion. Jones commenced work, but Peter cancelled the contract while Jones was halfway performing as required by the contract. More than that, Peter refused to pay Jones for the amount of work he had performed. In law, when the owner cancels the contract during performance without justifiable cause, the contractor may suffer damages due to the breach. To some extent, the contractor can suffer severe losses particularly when the breach prevents him from continuing with the work. In such a scenario, the Jones has a full entitlement for a remedy that will put him to the place where he would have ended had Peter performed his obligation. In particular, this typically means that Jones can sue for the recovery of lost profits and to some extent the cost incurred while performing his duties. Additionally, this rule also extends to those contracts where there was a wrongful termination of a contract between general contractor and subcontractor. The best case that illustrates this cause was decided by the Supreme Court of Alabama in section 8-29-6 Tolar Const., LLC v. Kean Elec. Co., (2006) 944 So. 2d 138. In the case similar to Jones where the contractor starts working, but the owner commits a material breach, the contractor should treat the breach as termination of a contract. So in a situation where the breach was a major one (Peter disposing of the central element of the contract), Jones can suspend his duties and sue Peter to recover the damages. The damages that Jones can pursue are like out - of pocket expenses and the recovery of the contract price. He can also recover any other expense he may have incurred M R Contractors Builders, Inc. v. Michael, (1958) 138 A.2d 350 Sally V Judith Sally needed an aeroplane for flying people between London and Rome. She found an advertisement for the sale of a light aircraft in a trade paper. Two weeks before completing the contract Judith the seller advised Sally that the aircraft has a fuel capacity of flying between the two cities without a need to refuel. Sally purchased it for $500,000. During a test flight to Rome, the aircraft ran out of fuel before she reaches the destination. Further investigation revealed that the aircraft could only work for short trips. As a result, Sally had to abandon here business suffering some loss in setting up her business rather than her expected profit. She also found that the aircraft was worth $100,000 less In such a scenario, the question in law is whether the term, the fuel capacity of the aircraft will enable her to fly between the two cities without the need to refuel was a mere puff or was a representation. In law, a puff is a statement which one party makes to induce the other in entering into an agreement and has no legal implication. In general, representations are a statement that one party says to induce the other to a contract, but a reasonable person will take them seriously. In this case, this paper will use two factors that the court uses to determine whether the statement was a puff or a representation. One of the rules is relative expertise. Where one party is more knowledgeable than the other, the statement would be a term Dick Bentley v Harold Smith Motors(1965) 1 WLR 623. The second one is the importance to rely on the statement. A statement will mainly be a term if the representee specifies to the representorthe value of thestatement Bannerman v White(1861) 10 CBNS 844. In testing the rules, Judith has more knowledge of the aircraft than Sally (Relative expertise). Also, it was so important for Sally to have an aircraft that can fly longer without a need to refuel, so Sally could dwell on this statement. Considering the situation, the statement statement made by Judith was a term in the contract that she breached. With that, Sally can sue for the damages and loss of profit. Conclusion When parties say that they have a contract, it simply means that they have voluntarily accepted liabilities from each other. The contract formation starts with an offer, and then the offer is accepted unconditionally. The acceptance must be communicated, and from there, both parties are bound to the obligations. Failure to perform an obligation will constitute to a bleach and hence the other party has the right to sue for damages. References Bannerman v White(1861) 10 CBNS 844 BhagwandasGoverdhandasKedia v. M/s.GirdharilalParshottamdas (1966) AIR 543 Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl GmbH(1983) 2 AC 34 Dick Bentley v Harold Smith Motors(1965) 1 WLR 623 Felthouse v Bindley (1862) EWHC CP J35 M R Contractors Builders, Inc. v. Michael, (1958) 138 A.2d 350 Tolar Const., LLC v. Kean Elec. Co., (2006) 944 So. 2d 138 Williams v Roffey Bros [1990] 2 WLR 1153. Miller, R and Jentz, G. (2011) Business law today, 1st ed. Mason, Ohio: South-Western, p. 279.

Southern Comfort Essays - Shopping Bags, , Term Papers

Southern Comfort The old ball-and-chain is a phrase that many Americans are familiar with. Oftentimes we imagine it spilling forth from the lips of some distressed, fatigued, overworked man who is with his nagging wife. It is this image that the advertisers for Southern Comfort are trying to reproduce. They want the person looking at the ad to sympathize with the man in the image, the man dragging his imaginary ball-and-chain. We associate the ball and chain with oppression, hard labor, and unfairness. These connotations are probably derived from the images that we have seen in old prison movies where the convicts are forced to work the fields, shackled by a ball and chain. Let us back up for a moment though and look at just how this Southern Comfort ad takes us from the image of a man to the labor intensive fields of old prison movies. There are many denotations in this ad. There is a man, three women, bags, sides of buildings, a chair, writing on a window, a sidewalk-like walkway, a bottle of Southern Comfort, some white lines, and two lines of copy. The first line of copy reads, Your free time may have changed. Your drink doesn't have to. The second line reads, Hang on to your spirit. There is also a division in the ad, the top two-thirds of the ad being the photo image and the bottom one third being a black background. How is it that the advertisers take our mind from the image on the page to the thoughts that progress in our head? To figure this out let us more closely examine the images, or signs, that have been presented to us. Let us first examine the image of the man in the ad. He is dressed casually preppie, wearing khakis and a blue, collared shirt. Tucked under his left arm is a box and his hands are full of shopping bags. On his right foot is the image of a ball-and-chain created from dashed white lines. On the man's right (the direction in which he is looking) is a woman wearing a short black dress with black heeled-shoes. The woman is holding onto the right arm of the man, clutching a purse with her right hand. Her head is turned toward him and she appears to be smiling. Much of our reaction to this ad comes solely from looking at these two individuals. More specifically, from the image of the man. The brightness of the man's shirt and the bags he is carrying stands in contrast to the black of the woman's dress and thus attracts our eye toward him. The fact that he is carrying so many bags, whereas the other individuals in the ad have at most one bag, also makes him the center of our attention. By using metonymy, we substitute the bags that the man is carrying to mean that there has been a day of shopping, a shopping spree perhaps. The paradigmatic relation between the man and woman, aided by our own codes of what the duties of both the male and female are in a relationship, leads us to assume that the bags do not belong to the man but rather, he is carrying them for the woman next to him. It would be one thing if the man were walking along carrying the bags by himself but once we see the woman next to him, holding onto his arm, our mind begins to draw its own conclusions. Another paradigmatic relation begins to form after we have made the assumption that the man is carrying th e bags for the woman. The image of the ball and-chain along with the woman's grasp of the man's arm, leads us to believe that the man's presence here may not be a completely voluntary action. Rather, one may begin to associate this with the myth of commitment, of a man becoming whipped. That is to say, the man is suckered in or captured by the woman and is then forced to do things that he otherwise would not do (in this case, spend the day shopping). The copy of the article supports the myth of commitment, or the lifestyle change that a man

How To Write A College Essay

How To Write A College Essay How To Write A College Essay 1. What is a college essay? College essay writing is an independent students research. What is a research? You hear this word almost daily. The manufacturer proudly announces that after years of research his company has produced a new fabric. The stock analyst claims that his market forecasts are products of sound research. When you need help similar to teachers, housewives, farmers, politicians, and military men, you turn to research laboratories for aid. Our custom essay writing service is able to cope with any task. Yes, research is a common word, a magic word. But what does it mean? What is the nature and value of scientific investigations? 2. Research is defined by scholars as a careful, critical search for solutions to the problems that plague and puzzle mankind. There is a lot of information on how to write college essays, how to write college application, how to write good college essays, how to write college application essays, how to write essays for college, etc. However, your first task is to solve the problem of the assigned topic and only then you may put all your thoughts and ideas to the sheet of paper. And at this stage of problem-solving inexperienced essay writer impatiently listens to advisers who ask: "Have you defined your problem clearly? Do you know what variables are involved? Do you possess the basic skills to solve it? Have you constructed a sound theoretical framework for this problem?" Without giving these questions serious consideration, student plunges headlong into gathering copious. How To Write A College Essay. The Main Problems Problems cannot be solved unless a college essay writer possesses the intellect to isolate and comprehend the specific factors giving rise to the difficulty. Locating and analyzing a problem is a crucial step in academic essays writing, yet many novices grasp at any straw and label it a problem. They spend hours, days or even weeks laboriously gathering data relating to their large, vague topics without ever defining a specific problem. The final result of their furious figuring and fact finding is a formless, frustrating fund of data. Having never decided precisely what to solve, they roam rudderless in a sea of facts with their voyage without a map obviously committed to failure. Before understanding how to write college essays you need to know how to solve the problem: Which facts, points of views to take for the basis and why? When you solve the problem of your English essay topic you can easily how to write college essay,how to write a discussion essay, how to write college application essay, etc. Interesting topics: Sociology Coursework Religion Coursework Media Studies Coursework Maths Coursework Management Coursework

Free Essays on Prisoner of Azkaban

An Elegantly Woven Tapestry Plotlines in Prisoner of Azkaban In a way, it's true that there is no single central plot in Prisoner of Azkaban, because one candidate (Quidditch) lacks gravitas and another (Sirius v. Harry) proves to be an illusion. But in terms of what plotline drives the book, I would say it's the latter. We "know" from very early on that Sirius Black is trying to kill Harry, and we know there will be a confrontation at the endand there is. The only reason that we look back and say "that wasn't the main storyline" is that there's a twist. And that's why the story doesn't wrap up in the Shrieking Shack, even though that scene seems like it's going to be the climax. Beyond that, there is another focal point: the whole backstory of MWPP (and S). One of the many things I love about the book is that while Harry is going about his lifelighter things like wanting to go to Hogsmeade and playing Quidditch, heavier things like hearing his parents and coping with Dementorsthere is another drama mostly invisible to him (and to us, until the second reading): that of Lupin, Black, Snape, and, if you think about it, Pettigrew. We think the story is about Black trying to kill Harry, so the plot seems focused on that; but that's not what the story is about. It's about Sirius in a whole different way, and it's as much about Pettigrew, and right on out of the pages of this volume to Voldemort. The more I think about the plotting of PA, the more impressive it seems. JKR has all these threads going, and they're interwoven in amazing ways: -the most-important-to-Harry thread (Quidditch) -the emotional thread (Dementors/J&L). It is interwoven with Quidditch, without which Harry wouldn't keep hearing his parents' voices. -the drives-the-plot thread (Sirius trying to kill Harry), interwoven with the seemingly trivial thread of Harry trying to get into the village (key because of the Sirius plot, and because it in... Free Essays on Prisoner of Azkaban Free Essays on Prisoner of Azkaban An Elegantly Woven Tapestry Plotlines in Prisoner of Azkaban In a way, it's true that there is no single central plot in Prisoner of Azkaban, because one candidate (Quidditch) lacks gravitas and another (Sirius v. Harry) proves to be an illusion. But in terms of what plotline drives the book, I would say it's the latter. We "know" from very early on that Sirius Black is trying to kill Harry, and we know there will be a confrontation at the endand there is. The only reason that we look back and say "that wasn't the main storyline" is that there's a twist. And that's why the story doesn't wrap up in the Shrieking Shack, even though that scene seems like it's going to be the climax. Beyond that, there is another focal point: the whole backstory of MWPP (and S). One of the many things I love about the book is that while Harry is going about his lifelighter things like wanting to go to Hogsmeade and playing Quidditch, heavier things like hearing his parents and coping with Dementorsthere is another drama mostly invisible to him (and to us, until the second reading): that of Lupin, Black, Snape, and, if you think about it, Pettigrew. We think the story is about Black trying to kill Harry, so the plot seems focused on that; but that's not what the story is about. It's about Sirius in a whole different way, and it's as much about Pettigrew, and right on out of the pages of this volume to Voldemort. The more I think about the plotting of PA, the more impressive it seems. JKR has all these threads going, and they're interwoven in amazing ways: -the most-important-to-Harry thread (Quidditch) -the emotional thread (Dementors/J&L). It is interwoven with Quidditch, without which Harry wouldn't keep hearing his parents' voices. -the drives-the-plot thread (Sirius trying to kill Harry), interwoven with the seemingly trivial thread of Harry trying to get into the village (key because of the Sirius plot, and because it in...

Script Adaptation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Script Adaptation - Coursework Example She gesticulates very actively and addresses the audience. Her eyes are constantly moving as if the girl is asking someone from the audience to help her and take her from this dull life. Bridget stretches her hands to the sky and tells that she hates seeing her mother phoning the list of people who had died. The decorations are changed when Bridget’s mother appears on the stage. There are more dark colours now. This is closely connected with the women’s relation to death. During the conversation between two people a calm but alerting music is playing. These sounds give the feeling that something awful or strange will happen soon. The girl asks her mother to give up phoning the list. Bridged embraces and kisses her mother. Her gestures are very gentle. She should do everything that may show her passion towards mother. The latter stays calm and says that she is not planning to stop phoning the list of dead people. Bridged tells that these things affect their relationship in the family; the girl turns aside and bursts out crying. Her mother leaves. More lights appear on the stage after her disappearance. In a few seconds a stranger in black coat comes to Bridget, touches her hand and tells that Archie Shearer killed Jennifer MacDonnell. There is a silent scene after these words. Works Cited Coady, Lynn. Strange Heaven. Canada: Goose Lane Editions, 2010.

Principles of economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Principles of economics - Essay Example Some of the alcoholic drinks are treated as ‘loss leaders’, the drinks whose prices are set below the cost of producing them. This is done to attract more customers. The setting of ‘floor price’ would ensure that a minimum price level is set for the alcoholic drinks and the retailers would be bound to set their prices not below the minimum price level. This is intended to increase price of those drinks in particular whose prices are below the minimum level. With the rise in price, the demand for the drinks is expected to fall thereby floor price setting would act as an effective measure to reduce alcohol abuse. The other contention about this issue is to put a limit on the availability of licenses to the retailers. The lesser the number of retailers, the lesser would be the availability of the alcoholic drinks. Shortage of the commodity would raise its price and people’s ability to purchase would fall (Hou, 2010). However, these solutions bring in other problems. For some binge drinkers alcoholic drinks are giffen goods for which there is less or no substitute. Hence due to a rise in price they would reduce consumption of other goods to maintain the consumption of alcohol at the previous level. Limited supplier of drinks would also bring a similar effect. For the normal drinkers alcohol is a normal good and increase in price of alcohol would impel them to reduce consumption of alcohol but at the same time reduce their purchasing power just as the case of price rise of any normal consumer good (Hou, 2010). Answer: Prescription drugs are normal goods and their quantity demanded increases with fall in price. It has positive income elasticity. Therefore, if the price of prescription drugs rises, the purchasing power of the consumers fall thereby reducing the demand for other goods and services. 3. Formulate a reason why the elasticity of demand is an important consideration when analyzing the impact of a shift in supply and why the

Economic Impacts Essay Example for Free

Economic Impacts Essay The Attack on the World Trade Centre in Manhattan had happened on September 11, 2001. The attack had led to the destruction of numerous buildings and lost of lives. This had greatly affected not only the citizens of the United States. The incident had also affected the economy of the country. According to the report of Mr. George Kahn (2001) , the vice-president   and economist of Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas, US economic growth had already slowed dramatically. Based on the experiences in the year 1996 to 1999, a growth in the GDP has been experienced. It is only logical to think that GDP will continue to rise in the next few years. However, Real GDP has slowed to a 2.8% rate of growth last year. Unemployment had moved down from 3.9% in th year 2000 to 4.9% in August. The slowdown in the economy had led to unexpected increase in energy prices and re-evaluation of the prospects for corporate earnings. Prices in the stock market have been affected, and consumer spending began to slow down. In early September, prices on energy began to stabilize and consumer spending had hold-up. Although manufacturing activity continued to decline but in a slower rate as compared to what happened in the early part of the year. However, this has all changed after the attack in September 11. 2001. Looney (2002) has used categories to differentiate the different economic impacts of the attack in the United States. His categories were based on two types. First is the nature of the impact and second is the length of time the economy has affected the country. In this paper, the author would use the length of time the impact has on the economy. These effects would be divided into three parts: The short-term impact, the medium-term impact and the long-term impact. Short-term impacts of the economy can be further categorized into two. These are the immediate short-term direct impact and the immediate short-term indirect impact. Looney (2002) had enumerated several short-term impacts after the September 11, 2001 attack. For the immediate short-term direct impact, it was stated that Lower Manhattan of New York had lost an approximate of 30% of its office space because of the attack. Reports stated that an estimate of 200,000 were destroyed or relocated out of New York City. Estimated cost of destruction of physical assets in businesses amounts to $ 14Billion for private business, $ 1.7Billion for the local and state assets and $ 0.8Billion for federal enterprises. Rescue, cleanup operations and other cost related to these two is approximately $11 Billion. Total direct costs as computed by Looney (2002) in the article, is estimated to be at around $27.2 Billion. However, Mr. Alan Hevesi, had considered other factors that was not included in the article of Robert Looney. Hevesi (2001) considered the lost of human capital which is estimated to be at $11 billion. These are the lives of the workers who had been killed during the attack. This figure is based on the expected earnings during the personâ€⠄¢s remaining work life. Indirect short term impacts of the attack are the following: Consensus forecast for the GDP growth of the US economy is lowered by 0.5 percentage points in the year 2001 and 1.2 percentage points in the year 2002. Implied projected cumulative lost from the attack up to the year 2003 is estimated to be half a trillion dollars. Private sector investments went down the same with their inventory levels. The attack had shown the government that an additional investment is needed for the security of the country. It is estimated that an increase of 9.25% in defense spending was used by the government. Firms such as security and information technology had increase in demand. Federal Reserve had lowered the price of credit and and temporarily liquidated their assets to safeguard the integrity of the financial system and save businesses from bankruptcy. Aside from the impacts stated above by Looney (2002), Hevesi included factors such as disabilities and trauma to be at $3Billion, business interruption, training and liability losses to be at $21 Billion, Net Lost Rents of $ 1.05 Billion from both the damaged and destroyed buildings and Lost wages which amounts to $9.6 Billion In the medium term, Looney had defined several sectors that had been affected by the attacks. Five areas were highlighted on his report and these are the Insurance, Airlines, Tourism and other service industries, Shipping, and Defense. Losses of the Insurance industry are estimated to be at $30 to $58 Billion. These losses are the highest record in the history of the country. Primary insurers have increased their premiums and dropped their coverages for terrorism related risk, this in turn had affected other key industries. Strongest impacts of the insurance were seen in the aviation, tourism, transportation, construction and energy generation sectors. Commercial property and liability insurance rates have been raised by 30% on the average. The terrorist had used airplanes in order to trigger the attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. This had lead in putting the aviation industry in a weak position. An estimate of 20% decrease on the service orders had been ecperienced by airlines. Government support and airline passenger traffic was below normal and an estimate of 100,000 layoffs has been announced. Employment opportunities which were normally up in October and November fell by 80,000 or an estimate of 8% from the expected. Another sector that has been greatly affected is the tourism and service sector. These include hotels, tours, automobile rentals, travel agencies, and civilian aircraft manufacturers. As stated by Looney (2002), hotels have reported higher vacancy rates and employment in the sector as a whole fell by 58,000 in October and November. Relative Equity Values declined by 15%. Preliminary report of Fiscal Policy Institute in New York (2001) included attendance of people in the Broadway theatres had also decreased.. The Shipping sector was in a way affected by the attack, Maritime shipping rates had increased from 5 to 10 percent on average in the two weeks after the attack. Relative stability of freight rates ,despite the decrease in fuel costs and under-utilized capacity of the ships implied that transportation cost had increased because of the attacks Defense sector had experienced a significant increase on security-related programs in the budget for the year 2003. An additional budget of $48Billion was proposed for national defense. Homeland security budget was also increased from $20 Billion in 2001 to $38 Billion in 2002. An enhancement on the training of first responders which are the fireman, police and rescue workers were done, total preparation amounted to $8 Billion for domestic defense spending. The Fiscal Policy Institute or FPI (2001) included in their report losses on advertising because after the attacks commercial runs on television networks were cut down. FPI (2001) had estimated that there would be a 1,000 reduction in advertising employment and a 3% drop of revenues would be experienced by the advertising sector. Looney (2002), enumerated five effects in the   economy. These effects are higher operating costs, higher level of inventories, higher risk premium, Shift of resources t the military defense, and the shift away from globalization. As stated above, several increase in spending for defense had been experienced by the country, and higher insurance premiums were also done in the industry.   The attacks and also led to longer wait for time activities because several sectors and consumers are already cautious. These three reasons had led economist to say that higher operating costs maybe experienced by the industries in the country. Since businesses had been interrupted because of the attacks, several companies were not able to resume immediately. Businesses may be required to hold larger inventories at scale for fear that their suppliers may not be able to give the materials that they needed on time. An evidence on these was shown in the article of Looney wherein the auto industry production was interrupted because availability   of components were not immediately shipped out because of the delays in the crossing of the US-Canada Borders. The attack may have lead investors to avoid risking their money in businesses. As a result, higher risk premiums may be passed on to businesses in the form of higher interest rates, and lower equity prices. This could also lead to lower equity prices, business investment lowering and smaller capital stocks. The attack had been a terrorism activity. In response to this issue, the government would most likely divert their attention in strengthening the country’s defense through the military. Many resources may be diverted to military use. Research and Development Resources can be also shifted to concentrate on the development of new devices to thwart terrorism activities. Since there had been interruption in the cross-borders of the country, investors may think twice in investing abroad and concentrate on domestic investments. During this time, the â€Å"anthrax† scare is already being shown in the media. Several investors and the government may have taken this into consideration as such higher cost could be experienced because the businesses and the government would closely inspect items going in and out of the country. In the Chicago GSB magazine, the authors have included economic recovery for the country. According to Kevin Murphy, part of the debate team, expected recovery of the economy may occur within 15 months after the attack. Measured loss in the economy is estimated to be at 0.6% of the total asset of the country. Judging from the percentage of economic loss, the percentage shows a very minimal figure. Gary S. Becker, another part of the team had also stated that the country had retained basically all the human capital prior to the attack and because of this, the US economy would recover fully. It has been 6 years since the attack of the terrorist in the United States. Prior to the attack the economy of the country is already in the decline stage and this had been accelerated by the attack in the World Trade Center. Although the attack had greatly affected the economy, it is necessary to think on the before situation of the country because that situation had also affected the impact of the attack. The economy of the United States had already recovered since then, however, same security measures are still being by the country to address the issue of terrorism.

Diabetes and Obesity: Emerging Pandemics of the 21st Century Essay

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity are both emerging pandemics in the 21st century. One consequence of obesity is an increased risk of developing T2DM. One’s relative risk of T2DM increases as his/her body mass index (BMI) increases above 23. T2DM is the most common disease among the U.S. population, accounting for approximately 90% of such cases, usually diagnosed in adulthood, and in most cases as a result of overweight or obesity. T2DM involves a combination of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency and may not require treatment with external insulin, especially at early stages (Fowler, 2007). Consequently, the goal of treatment is to achieve strict control of blood sugar (glucose) levels. The extent to which etiological factors may be relevant for adults with T2DM is not clear, but research suggest a theoretical model of potential pathways between disordered eating behaviors and T2DM. Moreover, several studies have demonstrated that change in lifestyle and sede ntary habits could lead to decreased incidence of progression to T2DM (Ismail, 2008). Bio/Psycho/Social Aspects of the Illnesses T2DM is a heterogeneous disorder thus the clinical expression of the disorder requires both genetic and environmental factors. One theory concerning its etiology is that T2DM is the result of the evolution of a thrifty genotype that had survival benefits in the past but is detrimental in the current environment (Ismail, 2008). An opposing theory states that the disease represents an adult metabolic response to fetal malnutrition. Hyperglycemia in T2DM results from absolute or relative insulin deficiency. Most often insulin deficiency is attributable to an inability to adequately compensate for insulin resistance. Insulin resistan... ...),1433-1441. Spangler, J., Summerson, J., Bell, R., & Konen, J. (2001). Smoking status and psychosocial variables in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Addictive Behaviors, 26(1), 21–29. Soroudi, N., Perez, G., Gonzalez, J., Greer, J., Pollack, M., Otto, M., et al. (2008). CBT for medication adherence and depression (CBT-AD) in HIV-infected patients receiving methadone maintenance therapy. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 15, 93–106. Willi, C., Bodenmann, P., Ghali, W., Faris, P., & Cornuz, J. (2007). Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298(22), 2654–2664. Ziedonis, D., Williams, J. M., & Smelson, D. (2003). Serious mental illness and tobacco addiction: A model program to address this common but neglected issue. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 326(4), 223–230.

English Phrasal Verbs Translation Into Russian and Finnish

| Article Summary| AEPS Reading, Writing & Spoken Communication – Language Centre – University of Helsinki| | | 20. 03. 2013| | The article represents a part of a research about English multi-word expressions and their translation equivalents in other languages. The research was important for different tasks such as language learning, translation, automatic multilingual lexicon etc. The article is a short review of English phrasal verbs and their translations to Russian and Finnish. English phrasal verbs are multi-word expressions consisting of a verb and an adverbial particle with a spatial or locative meaning.The meaning of this combination doesn’t depend on the individual meanings of its parts. The most frequent phrasal verb pattern is any form of lexical verb plus prepositional adverb/particle, and usually there can be a noun phrase, any pronoun or any adverb embedded between the verb and the adverb/particle. Neither Russian nor Finnish has phrasal verbs. Eng lish-Russian If there is an English phrasal verb with an adverb or particle, which on its own is a function word like in, on, up etc. , it is usually translated into Russian as verb with prefix, e. g. die down – , find out – .If a part of an English phrasal verb may act as a content word such as forward, behind, apart, together etc. , the Russian translation is often a verb + adverb combination, e. g. bring together – , leave behind – . However, some verbs of this group can be also expressed in Russian by prefixation, e. g. take apart – . In addition, if an English phrasal verb is highly idiomatic, the Russian translation will be either idiomatic expression or a lengthy explanation. English-Finnish Many English phrasal verbs can be translated as single Finnish verbs, e. g. ake up – herata, herattaa; move ahead – edeta. There are also phrases and idiomatic combinations in Finnish, which can be used as translations of English phrasal verbs, e. g. find out – saada selville, switch off  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ kytkea pois paalta. Sometimes we can use both techniques: hide away – piilottaa, panna piiloon, often the single-word expression is more formal. Often Finnish equivalent expressions and English phrasal verbs are morpho-syntactically close to each other, it is a result of influence from Swedish or other languages, e. g. : write down – kirjoittaa ylos. There can be also more native Finnish expression like kirjoittaa muistiin.There are also fixed combinations with object in Finnish to express English phrasal verbs, e. g. : tie  up – sitoa kengannauhat. Conclusion English phrasal verbs usually have a single-word translation equivalents in Russian and Finnish. The balance between single-word and multi-word expressions changes across languages. Reference: Mudraya, O. and Piao, S. and Lofberg, L. and Rayson, P. and Archer, D. (2005) English-Russian-Finnish cross-language comparison of phrasal verb translation equivalents. In: Phraseology 2005, 2005-10-132005-10-15, Lovain-la-Neuve, Belgium.

Racism And Discrimination Today Essay

How would you like to be treated certainly because of your cultural, beliefs, tradition or even color? Well this is happening everywhere every day. This is called racial discrimination. So what is racial discrimination? It is not knowing anything about someone when you look at them, but disliking them anyway and treating them differently, not because of who they are, but what they are. In addition Racism started from the past and is still active today. Racism in the past was simply violent especially in the early 20th Century. When slavery was ended in America in 1865 racial tension occurred. As the free slaves, where allowed to move freely around the land a majority of the white population still saw them as slaves and did not want to interact and socialize with them. One example of racism is that Research has shown that teachers expect black children to fail Not only are black children played in lower sets; they themselves believe that they are certain to fail. This is proof that racism is every where and occurs from any age group. Racism has always been around. It is one of the world’s MAJOR concerns TODAY. A number of people are naà ¯ve of how much racism undertakes in our society today. Racism can be seen in incidents of racist abuse, harassment and discrimination. Racism is the discrimination of a person because of the race that they have inherited. Racism can be said to anyone. It is certainly severe that these things change, but these past few years, many people in all countries have been saying malicious and discourteous things about one another’s tradition. I can’t stress to say that racism is harassment, it is Mistreatment. People think it’s amusing to torment a person because of their color, their accent, culture and sometimes even how they are not good in something, this is all racism. There are numerous diverse types of racism, for example racism because of skin color, birth place, religion etc but they all got a couple of things in common. All kinds of racism are dreadful and create a negative and sometimes dangerous emotional response. Racism not only leads to social problems but in severe cases it causes mental illness and violence for example self harm, depression and the harming of others. In most cases it causes the target to feel deserted, depressed and livid as most of you people previously know from experience but what you people didn’t is that in the most severe cases racism leads to suicidal thoughts and the miserable thing is that in the worst cases these thoughts are carried out and its usually by a young teenager. That’s a young person with their whole life ahead of them claiming their life because a few people can’t accept them because they are a little different. Many riots have been caused all around the world due to racism. As John F. Kennedy had said† This nation was founded by men of many nations and backgrounds, on the principle that all men were created equal.† A statement which directly states the importance everyone has in this world and the equality everyone shares regardless where you are from or what color you are. Racism is always going to occur but their will always be a chance to reduce it. Truth speaking there are no different races, but only one race. The human race. Thank you for listening!

Why is Art History Important Essays

Why is Art History Important Essays Why is Art History Important Essay Why is Art History Important Essay Behind the greatest civilization and technological advances that is prominent in the world today, lies the rich historical legacy left behind our great ancestors. This great legacy shared to us is visible through the magnificent forms of ancient art. These forms of art are the best and most accurate descriptive tools that can bridge the present generation to our ancestors impressive life furing the past.While art history effectively depicts the life in the past era, it has also become a powerful and influential tool that guides modern artists in crafting their own works of art. The massive importance of ancient art is widely reflected by the comtemporary societys dependence on ancient art (Fabian 1993). This influence can be seen not only in visual art, but also in literature and writings.Cave Art made during the Paleolithic Era is one of the most distinctive forms of art. The Paleolithic Era arts were produced during the last Ice Age, approximately 32,000 to 11,000 years ago (Heindo rff 2006). These cave arts came in forms of paintings, engravings and drawings. There are about 280 decorated caves that featured these arts.The pictures depicted in cave arts represented primitive forms of calendars, almanac and tribal ceremonies that ancient people had indulged in. These arts are monumental figures that stood to forever reminisce the richness of culture that was prevalent in the era.Another Paleolithic relic is the   Willendorf Statue forged around 25,000 to 30,000 B.C. It was also called as the â€Å"Paleolithic Venus image.† The figure possessed by the statue was a symbol of bounty of nature and abundance. The tribes during the era looked up to the statue with reverence as it depicted wealth and blessings (â€Å"Venus of Willendorf Statue†). In addition, the figure was also used as a symbol of fertility and classical beauty.Aside from the symbolic purposes that the figure served, it was also distinctively important for the people who lived during the era especially for the women. The statue, as anthropologists believed, represented women and their importance in the tribe. It was a sign of ancient matriarchy which meant that during these times, women were indeed important in the society.Another distinguished work of art is the Stonehenge. The Stonehenge during the Neolithic England was one of the most celebrated and praised works of art. Stonehenge was used as prehistoric monuments, thus becoming one of the most famous and oldest prehistoric sites in the world. These standing stones were believed to have been built around 2200 B.C. It was assumed that these monumental stones also served as burial sites during 3000 B.C.However, throughout history it is believed that these monuments were not standing constant, rather it served a continuous purpose. Historians and archeologists believed that the purpose of these stonehenges varied – that people during the past eras have made use of the prevalent works of art to signify t heir forms of subsistence (â€Å"Stonehenge: Wiltshire England†). It evolved simultaneous to the cultural transition experienced during the era. Hence, this feature added to the distinctive characteristics of the Stonehenges.The Cave Art, Willendorf Statue and Stonehenges are three of the most famous and distinctive works of art that the world has ever seen. It served different purposes based on the prevalent culture during the era when it was created, and based on the tribes who made them.   Nonetheless, they depicted and catered to the needs of the people living during that generation. As such, the way that those forms of art have been of massive importance during the era that it served, the influence it bestowed in the present generation is equally celebrated. And by tracing the roots of these works of art, the purposed that they served and still wish to impart upon the younger generations is not wasted. Thus, it is necessary that art history and the way it links us to t he past should never take a backseat in the present era.Fabian, Carole Ann. (March 1993). â€Å"Collection Development Policy Art and Art History.† Lockwood Memorial Library. 27 June 2008 http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/asl/staff/cd/cdpolicyart.htmlHeindorff, Ann Mette. (July 2006). â€Å"Cave Art.† Arts History on Stamps.   27 June 2008 http://arthistory.heindorffhus.dk/frame-Style01-CaveArt.htmâ€Å"Stonehenge: Wiltshire England.† (n.d) Bradshaw Foundation. 27 June 2008 bradshawfoundation.com/stonehenge/stonehenge.phpâ€Å"Venus of Willendorf Statue.† (n.d) Abraxion. 27 June 2008 abaxion.com/sq720.htm

Analysis of the Film Scream Essays

Analysis of the Film Scream Essays Analysis of the Film Scream Essay Analysis of the Film Scream Essay A blockbuster movie is a film, which has a large budget, wins many awards, has famous actors to play the roles and creates a lot of media attention! I have chosen to review and analyse the blockbuster movie scream. Scream is a multi-million dollar film made back in 1996. Since it was released in October of that year it has made $86 million dollars and two sequels have been made and released. The director of scream is Wes Craven, he has also written many other movie blockbusters. E.g. I know what you did last summer, Scream 2 and 3, I still know what you did last summer and The mind ripper. Craven has in each maintained a gripping dedication to the genre that made him big in the first place. Horror! The main ingredients of a horror movie are a serial killer, victims, a motive and of course fear! Horror movies in the past have been pretty predictable. So far as to say there are simple techniques to keep to in order to stay alive, for example saying things such as whos there? and be right back are a death wish, coincidentally if a person says them they will inevitably die! Also in order to survive a horror movie you have to remain a virgin and not drink or take drugs. Wes craven abandons this when Sydney Prescott, the main character looses her virginity to her boyfriend and makes it into the sequel. Scream although rated 18 because of its violent content and adult language is aimed at teenagers and young adults. It is a typical teen horror movie, set in an American High School with characters that teenagers could easily relate to. Scream won a lot of awards. It picked up best movie in 1996 MTV movie awards, Top box office film in the 1998 ASCAP film and television music awards, best actress, best horror film and best writer in the academy of sci fi, horror and fantasy films in 1997, and best movie in MTV movie awards 1997. It was also nominated for many more. The casting director Lisa Beach specifically picked the cast. Casey Becker, a teenager who loves horror movies and dumped Stu for her rugby player boyfriend Steve. She was played by Drew Barrymore. Sydney Prescott, the lead role, played by Neve Campbell. Sydneys mother was last years greatest news story when she was raped and brutally murdered. So shed been through a lot as it was. She was never the typical victim. Each time she was attacked she put up a good fight, and although she lost her virginity to her boyfriend Billy she managed to break the rules of a horror movie and survive, also saving the day. Billy Loomis, Sydneys boyfriend, and one of the murderers. Played by Skeet Ulrich. Tatum Riley, Sydneys best friend and fun loving girlfriend of Stu. Played by Rose McGowan. Stuart Macher (Stu), Tatums out going boyfriend and party lover. The other murderer. Randy Meeks, horror movie freak, obsessed by the horror genre. Often during the film you are fooled to believe that it could b e he who is the murderer, especially as he has the hots for Sydney. Played by Jamie Kennedy. Deputy Dwight Riley (Dewey) very caring and sweet, trying to look out for everyone and protect the town from the horror its facing. Hes Tatums big brother and has the hots for reporter Gail Weathers. Played by David Arquette. Neil Prescott, Sydneys father and the guy who Stu and Billy try to frame for all the murders. Played by Lawrence Hecht. Gail Weathers, the annoying reporter for Top Story. She covered the story on Sydneys mother. Played by Courtney Cox. Most of the main parts in scream were either famous before hand like Courtney Cox from the famous sit com. Friends, and Henry Winkler from Happy Days. Or went on to further their careers in other blockbuster movies like Drew Barrymore and David Arquette in Never been Kissed and Matthew Lillard in Shes all that. Other important people in the making of Scream include the writer Kevin Williamson, the producers Carly Woods and Cathy Conrad, the production designer Bruce Alan-Miller, the editor Patrick Lussier and of course Marco Beltrami, the guy who chose the music. Songs used in a film are very important because they help add to the atmosphere. Each and every one of these people has a very important job to do each crucial in the making of a blockbuster.

The Theory of Monopoly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Theory of Monopoly - Essay Example The fourth type of monopoly is, probably, the most important. It is the monopoly on ideas, that is, on the intellectual products; when this or that discovery is made, it is necessary to compensate the expenses and to have the patent, because otherwise the owner of the idea would not be able to compensate his expenses and to continue his experiments, thus temporary (at times, very durable) monopoly is created for the idea, which is the basis of the product. Antimonopoly laws in the USA have appeared at the end of the 19th century and have brought huge benefits, as they fostered competition, and competition in its turn favors not only the low prices of products, but also stimulates the manufacturer to decrease his expenses; to decrease the expenses he is obliged to carry out technological and technical innovations, - that is why the division of the usual monopolies led to the technical progress. After the World War II several large monopolies in Germany have been divided - the best example is in the chemical giant 'IG-Farben', which has been divided into several parts, now represented by the chemical companies 'BASF', 'Bayer' and 'Hoechst'. However, in general, such division in Europe was not usual. On the contrary, the process of statism, as it has happened with Renault Company in France, with their simultaneous enlargement, was widely spread in the European countries. European markets are formed according to the oligopoly principle, - automobile market is the bright example of such situation - several large companies constantly compete with each other; the same situation is in the sphere of pharmaceuticals and chemical products. There are several features, which are peculiar to the development of monopolies and... Antimonopoly laws in the USA have appeared at the end of the 19th century and have brought huge benefits, as they fostered competition, and competition in its turn favors not only the low prices of products but also stimulates the manufacturer to decrease his expenses; to decrease the expenses he is obliged to carry out technological and technical innovations, - that is why the division of the usual monopolies led to the technical progress. After the World War II, several large monopolies in Germany have been divided – the best example is the chemical giant ‘IG-Farben’, which has been divided into several parts, now represented by the chemical companies ‘BASF’, ‘Bayer’ and ‘Hoechst’. However, in general, such division in Europe was not usual. On the contrary, the process of statism, as it has happened with Renault Company in France, with their simultaneous enlargement, was widely spread in the European countries. European mar kets are formed according to the oligopoly principle, - automobile market is the bright example of such situation – several large companies constantly compete with each other; the same situation is in the sphere of pharmaceuticals and chemical products. There are several features, which are peculiar to the development of monopolies and competition at present time. The first tendency is the growing monopolization of the market; the scientific and technical revolution has caused the transition to the higher level of business enlargement (the uniting of organizations).

Why can't we outlaw war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why can't we outlaw war - Essay Example War has existed from the dawn of humankind. Six thousand years ago, wars existed between tribes. A classic example is cemeteries found in the Nubian valley, people who died because of conflicts. Zulu kingdom is another example; in 1820s, Shaka fought the tribe of Ndwandwe and killed more than 40,000 people. War as gone through evolution, from using of stones and slings to the present nuclear bombs. A case in hand was the Second World War, where nuclear bomb was used, and over 70 million people died. However, what triggers war? It occurs because of several reasons. It could be a territorial dispute, minerals, and oil, example Iraq invading Kuwait in 1990s. Making wars involves the use of weapons. There has been an evolution of weapons from the use of crude ones like spears to the deadliest ones like the nuclear bombs. Bombs are now more deadly and accurate than before. This is evidenced by the case of precision guided bombs that only kills and destroys where it was intended. Atomic bomb, which kills many people, destroys property, and has prolonged side effects, has ushered in the era of the nuclear age (Eichensehr and Reisman54). The effects of war are adverse, diseases, hunger, pandemics and famines are just but a few. Given the above facts, we keep asking is war justified. Actually, we should not fight rather look for other options to our difference. Critics argue that war is necessary for a prosperous society. The results of any war are killings, destruction and loss of property. Wars dominated the past century. In the First World War, nearly eleven million people lost their lives, around fifty in the Second World War. The new century has ushered in the shed of blood such as the attack of Afghanistan and Iraq by the US forces. The causes of war in most cases are not natural but rather the divisions amongst us in form classes. People in a certain class find ways and means of protecting their

TRANSAMERICA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

TRANSAMERICA - Research Paper Example On the other hand, business ethics refers to the set of actions that are increasing control over the potential conflicts like corporate governance, corruption, insider trading and employee discrimination. In the current study, Transamerica Life Insurance Company is selected to outline the various aspects of CSR and ethics (Doyle, 2011). Transamerica Corporation is having a prolonged history of controlling different life insurance and investment firms. The American company is having different entities in around the world. Amadeo Giannini established the organization in the year 1904 with the help of the ‘Bank of Italy’ and used the name of ‘San Francisco saloon’. Actually, his aim was to provide financial services more easily so that maximum number of people can use products. He started to provide financial support to different person from the year 1906. Giannini started with a temporary bank in the San Francisco docks area, which provides industrial, contractual loans very easily (Transamerica.com, 2015c). In the year 1928, new strategy adopted by Giannini as his organization merged with ‘Bank of America’. In the year 1930, the â€Å"Transamerica Corporation acquired the Occidental Life Insurance Company† (Transamerica.com, 2015b). Moreover, in the year 1956, management of the firm separated the banking and life insurance businesses segment as the Transamerica. San Francisco skyline was launched after Transamerica was launched (Transamerica.com, 2015b). During the two decades 1960 to 1980, the organization has faced huge challenge. Transamerica gained higher interests among the global financial market with the help of inventiveness and acquisition. They started providing various life insurance and financial services to the normal and institutional clients. Their major clients are like â€Å"motion picture distributor United Artists, Trans International Airlines and Budget Rent A Car† (Transamerica.com, 2015a). During the year 1980,

Children social and emotional development Essay Example for Free

Children social and emotional development Essay The advantage that day cares provide to children is, they help the child to socialize and improve any social skill. For example a kid who never go out and play with other children doesn’t know and doesn’t learn a different environment than the family atmosphere. Many cases as a result of it, children grow up shy and sometimes have difficulties to create social relationships with others. At daycares kids learn to see the differences between others kids, they might find people who speaks different languages or belong to a different ethnicity. So they start to see the world it’s different outside of home. Daycares help children to discover new things, improve social and emotional develop because children are around children and are not with the parents all the times, so it creates security and independence from parents, which it help in the future when this child becomes a teenager. Day care absolutely have a lot of influence in the language aspect. When a child stays home, this child just listen to how the mother or father speaks and sometimes mom has the bad habit to â€Å"talk little† or keep thinking the child is still a newborn confusing the toddler with small words.† The language used by the caregiver is the most important factor that predicted children’s cognitive and language outcome†. Children are like sponge, they absorb everything specially from the age 0 to 3, those ages are crucial for the cognitive social and emotional develop, and day cares help in a big part to increase and ensure the well develop of the child.

Soliloquy Term Paper: Hamlet’s Soliloquies -- GCSE English Literature

Hamlet’s Soliloquies      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reading Shakespeare’s Hamlet, it seems that at every other turn in the narrative the prince is alone and uttering another soliloquy. What is the nature of his various soliloquies? How many are there? What are their contexts? This essay will answer these questions and more. John Russell Brown in â€Å"Soliloquies and Other Wordplay Let the Audience Share Some of Hamlet’s Thoughts† explains that soliloquies are but one form of wordplay Hamlet uses: By any reckoning Hamlet is one of the most complex of Shakespeare’s characters, and a series of soliloquies is only one of the means which encourage the audience to enter imaginatively into his very personal and frightening predicament. The play’s narrative is handled so that a prolonged two-way chase is sustained between him and the king, during which the audience knows more than either one of them and so thinks ahead and anticipates events. In interplay with Rosencrantz, Guildenstern and Polonius, and perhaps with Claudius, Gertrude and Ophelia, Hamlet has asides to draw attention to what dialogue cannot express. (55-56) The first soliloquy, or â€Å"act of talking to oneself, whether silently or aloud† (Abrams 289), occurs when the hero is left alone after the royal social gathering in the room of state in the castle of Elsinore. He is dejected by the â€Å"o’erhasty marriage† of his mother to his uncle less than two months after the funeral of Hamlet’s father (Gordon 128). His first soliloquy emphasizes the frailty of women – an obvious reference to his mother’s hasty and incestuous marriage to her husband’s brother:    O, that this too too solid flesh would melt   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thaw and resolve itself into a dew!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Or that the Everlasting had not... ...es: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware P., 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"Hamlet: A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p.: Pocket Books, 1958.

Analyse the Marketing Opportunities and Challenges Faced by a Selected Business When Using Internet Marketing

M2 – Analyse the marketing opportunities and challenges faced by a selected business when using internet marketing. Footlocker is an American sportswear and footwear retailer, its headquarters is located in New York City. This company originated in America but has made an international expansion buy placing stores in Europe, Canada, Asia and Australia. The internet gives Footlocker many opportunities to advertise and promote online to a wider audience which results in more sales and profits. Footlocker has exploded internationally and because of this, the company has to take into consideration the choices they make because of their international buyers. An advantage of marketing online would be immediate sales. For example, in my opinion it is easier to shop online because it is more comfortable to shop within the comforts of your own home and it is easier to resolve problems when you are ordering from the country however for international buyers, company’s have to make sure there are procedures put in place that will secure people’s bank card details preventing any troubled to be caused. Things such as the padlock and security checked tags this automatically wins over your customer because it shows that the company cares about the customer’s well being. In order for footlocker to succeed internationally they have to meet to customers expectations and provide them with a good customer service. Another opportunity that the internet brings is exposure. The internet gives footlocker the opportunity to become more known and become global. Different ways that the internet could help to advertise footlocker is by advertisement banners, pop up adverts with a link that leads customers to the website of footlocker, advertisements on other company’s websites. For example if you buy over ?50 worth of clothes from office then you get a 10% voucher off footlocker purchases. The internet helps these promotions to expand even more widely. This is a positive impact because everybody likes to save money so by having this promotion it would interest your customer, however the negative is because this is only for a short period of time some customers might not return and only use the sale as an excuse to take interest. However a challenge that footlocker faces is other competition with other companies. For example JD Sports ships products internationally just like foot locker and offers the same services like footlocker does. In certain countries JD Sports is more recognised in more European countries. A way that Footlocker could resolve this is by using a celebrity endorsement (preferably an influential sports person) to enhance their sales to attract a wider audience making a bigger audience aware of the organisation. A way that the internet benefits by internet marketing is by providing all the necessary information about the product or service that the person is providing. Businesses are increasingly enabling the customers to find out even more information about their product. For example some companies advise you how to wash certain clothes so they do not get ruined and stay preserved. Organisation strives on building a customer and business relationship so by maintaining this they cater to the customer’s needs and wants. On the other hand on a customer’s point of view, this is a down fall because they would not be able to see or feel the product unless they purchased it first which increases product risk. Also another disadvantage of this is because the items get shipped, and if product gets to the consumer damaged the company does not have to be liable for this. Marketing on the internet gives organisations the opportunity to sell to a wider market; however some companies do not have the right amount of staff to be able to fulfil orders on time. The company has to be well structured in order to do this. For example footlocker has different departments in order for the company to succeed by sharing the work load. They have departments such as marketing, merchandising, finance, technology and human resources. Human resources would have to analyse the employees to see whether they would have to employ more people or spend money on training people how to cope with a larger customer base. Shops are easier to have a set structure because you only have to really please your customers. On the other hand when you are marketing online you have to have many departments to deal with your customers queries. For example Footlocker provides a page on their website which answers general frequently asked questions (FAQ) if the customer experiences any type of problem, such as payment problems or assistance using the website they provide an automated system which helps customers within 24 hours. The negative thing about this could be that the customer does not get the straightforward or type of answer they were hoping for, whereas in the shop you would be able to go up to an sales assistant to help you.

Learning Organizations Essay

1. 1 Executive summary/ L. O! In times of uncertainty and change, organizations need new and effective managerial tools in order to cope with the rising competitiveness of markets. In this context, the concept of organizational learning is receiving growing attention among both managerial and academic surroundings in the last two decades. Among many possible definitions of a Learning Organization, David A. Garvin, a leading scholar in this field, suggests the following: â€Å"an organization made up of employees skilled at creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge. These people could help their firms cultivate tolerance, foster open discussion, and think holistically and systemically. Such learning organizations would be able to adapt to the unpredictable more quickly than their competitors could. †. A learning organization is aimed at increasing the flexibility and effectiveness of a company, making it react faster to changes in a competitive environment. This is achieved in cultures who constantly foster knowledge inside their organizations. Although this general idea of organizational learning may appear rather simplistic at first glance, it’s practical integration into day-to-day operations proves to require a more refined, systematic approach: â€Å"Generative learning cannot be sustained in an organization where event thinking predominates. It requires a conceptual framework of â€Å"structural† or systematical thinking, the ability to discover structural causes of behaviorâ€Å". This paper provides a deeper insight into the implementation and performance assessment of learning organizations (L. O. ’s), mainly using the Three Building Blocks Model outlined by Garvin, Edmondson & Gino. To better understand this concept, the work will rely on Xerox as an example to highlight how L. O. ’s can provide competitive advantages to corporations. In the last section, the paper will also breakdown the effect that learning organizations have on major stakeholders (leaders, employees and organization itself). 1. 2. Introduction: Background to Xerox Xerox is a US-based multinational, founded in 1906, which produces and sales printers and photocopiers and provides related services. Throughout it’s history, Xerox has faced several crisis periods which ended up pushing the company to become a Learning Organization. Around 1980, the company was hit hard by the emergence of new japanese players on the market and lost its almost 100% market share. As a response Xerox introduced the â€Å"leadership through quality initiative† with the objective of training every employee in tools for generating ideas and collecting information, solving problems in a systematical way, reaching consensus etc. â€Å"Xerox became a case study — the first American group to win back market share from the Japanese†. More recently, in the year of 2000, with the announcement of Anne M. Mulcahy as CEO of the company, XEROX’s was able to overcome another serious crisis. Mulcahy’s leadership style, which mirrors many of the strategies suggested by the LO literature, managed to turn around this †sinking ship†, which had 19 billion in debt, a falling stock and double-digit negative growth. In 5 years time, Xerox would be profitable again. Ursula Burns has continued Mulcahy’s work, since becoming the new CEO in 2009, even acquiring new companies such as the 2010 $6. 4 bln. takeover of ACS. Xerox continues to stay on the list of companies frequently cited as learning organizations. The 3 Building Blocks of a Learning Organization The concept of the three building blocks of a learning organizations is introduced by David A. Garvin, Amy C. Edmondson, and Francesca Gino as an assessment tool to determine areas where organizations need to improve their learning methodologies. Below we provide a deeper explanation of each of the three building blocks and how Xerox fits each one of them. Building Block 1: XEROX, a supportive learning organization? There are four distinct characteristics of an organization that determine whether it is or not a Supportive Learning Organization. Firstly, how psychologically safe its employees feel. This is common in organizations where employees don’t feel pressured or marginalized when presenting their own ideas even if these go against what the majority of the organization thinks. Similarly, subordinates at this organization are encouraged to disagree with their coworkers and superiors and present new and bold opinions, meaning that this organization is opened to new ideas. In a supportive learning organization, employees also become aware of the different inputs and opinions each member of a team brings to the table and learns how to accommodate and value those differences. Lastly, a supportive learning organization needs to provide its employees with some time for reflexion, when they will to go over the company’s procedures and analyse past performances in order to assess what can be changed and/or improved. Tolerance and diversity at Xerox Xerox’s openness to new ideas can be partly linked to its high diversity of employee backgrounds, which ultimately reinforces the acceptance and inclusion of different solutions, making employees feel more comfortable in taking risks. This diversity has also enabled Ursula Burns, the current CEO, to climb up the ranks of Xerox and become the first female black CEO of a Fortune 500 company. Besides being â€Å"a proof† to other employees that effort at Xerox pays back, Burns herself stresses this idea of a supportive learning organization when she mentions that she â€Å"wants [XEROX’s] 130,000 employees to get over the past, take more initiative, become more fearless and be more frank and impatient with one another to ratchet up performance†. Burns refers to the all Xerox community as the â€Å"XEROX family†- â€Å"When we’re in the family, you don’t have to be as nice as when you’re outside of the family,(†¦ ) I want us to stay civil and kind, but we have to be frank — and the reason we can be frank is because we are all in the same family. † Building Block 2: Does Xerox implement concrete learning processes and practices? Because â€Å"a learning organization is not cultivated effortlessly†, organizational entities must put explicit processes in place to ensure that knowledge is constantly generated and collected inside the organization. The information must then be interpreted and infused into the organization to be always accessible in a way that will support problem-solving tasks and benefit its constant transformational processes. Moreover, this will also help to develop new products or services, as well as closely monitor competitors, clients and technological developments, using benchmarking techniques. Lastly, the company has to invest in training measures for its employees. MAIN Education and problem-solving at Xerox: The Six Sigma Method In the case of Xerox, measures to implement LO practices started as early as 1983 when executive management inaugurated Xerox’s â€Å" leadership through quality initiative†. The initiatives goal was â€Å"improving business processes to create higher levels of customer satisfaction, quality and productivity† by providing workshops to Xerox employees. These workshops were refined in the late 90’s, reorienting around the Six Sigma method, which had previously been successfully applied in other companies. Although these efforts proved successful in improving productivity, they were only limited to a local supply chain level and were not conducted regularly. In 2002 the management of Xerox then decided to implement the Six Sigma strategy across the whole organization, an effort which Xerox is continuing today. This is shown by the fact that the method has become part of the everyday communication process inside the company. The Six Sigma strategy is a tool, which empowers employees to become more efficient and proactive in daily problem-solving situations, for example by using the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) approach. Six Sigma also requires the employees to closely monitor market trends and to apply benchmarking appropriately. Xerox particularly emphasizes the fact that they see the efforts to implement the Six Sigma method (see attachment 1) as a long-term project. This idea is aligned with the academic literature on LO’s stating that â€Å"becoming a LO is a long process and small setbacks should be expected†. This is because employees and the management have to â€Å"unlearn† old modes of thinking. Information distribution at Xerox Xerox provides employees with access to a large intranet consisting of e. g. reference knowledge, material on best practices, and answers to frequently asked questions. This helps the stakeholders inside the company to share information. It also supports the efforts to keep employees informed on what the priorities are for the overall company. Building Block 3: Are Xerox leaders reinforcing learning? Leaders in a L. O. promote constant learning by raising difficult questions and listening to the answers and concerns of their employees. While doing so, leaders also communicate openness to these new ideas and take them into consideration in their actions. Additionally, leaders have to encourage employees to invest their time in reflecting on both how to solve current problems and what can be learned from past performance. The ultimate goal is for leaders to motivate employees to question the underlying assumptions of current modes of thinking, and therefore initiate efficiency and innovation inside company processes. Promoting Initiative at Xerox For the past two decades, Xerox has engaged their employees to participate in the Earth Awards Program. The goal of this yearly event is to come up with solutions for saving company resources by increasing its efficiency, therefore making it a â€Å"greener† company. With this challenging program, Xerox motivates their employees to generate new ideas that, for instance, in 2010, resulted in company savings of $10. 2 Million. In that year, thirteen winners were announced, corporate wide and among different teams. This is an example of how leaders take their employees’ input seriously and how the generation of new initiatives at Xerox arises from both top and bottom levels of hierarchies. Encouraging employees to invest their time in reflecting by example Senior management at Xerox demonstrates the behaviors, which they in turn expect from employees. A clear example of this â€Å"policy† was when, in 1993, the executive management put together the Presidential Review process. The objective of this process was to review the overall progress of the company collectively through Presidential Review process in 1993. Interviews were organized with more than 30 senior managers answering questions like â€Å"What has changed? Where are the largest gaps between what was intended and what is currently true? If you were to outline barriers that need to be dealt with, what comes to mind? What would you have done differently? †. After the interviews, 45 seniors got together for one day meeting to identify trouble spots and develop recommendations. Action plan was the result . 3. The Effect on Leaders, â€Å"Followers† and Organizations Becoming a successful learning organization can provide a company with significant competitive advantages in the long-run, as it also can largely benefit its major stakeholders (employees and leaders). However, it also requires some behavioral changes from them. In order to achieve the goal of a L. O. (foster knowledge creation and sharing to gain competitive advantage), it is important that leaders infuse a common goal inside the organization. This implies, that leaders should have an effective communication in delivering the company ethos to their subordinates. Once employees identify with the company and its goal, people on all levels of the company would naturally start thinking and discussing promising new ways to achieve these goals. On the other hand, learning processes require time among other resources, and eventually leaders will have to find efficient ways to maximize the time of their employees. It is crucial to determine a balance between time spent going over problem-solvings tasks and past performance analysis (required for learning processes) with regular work. Additionally, leaders will have to define the line between â€Å"acceptable mistakes†- those that arrive from risk taking attitudes, and â€Å"unacceptable mistakes† – those originated by irresponsibility and lack of accountability. This is not always clear and, therefore, leaders might face some obstacles in implementing a learning culture as their workers’ â€Å"fear of punishment† can result in the limitation of creativity. Probably the most effective tool to boost innovation is to empower workers. But if the empowerment process provides employees the feeling that they are contributing and helping to define the company processes, then a new attitude is also required from them. Employees will have to remember that they are expected to show initiative, propose new ideas and act. And they should not always expect directions to do so. This can be particularly hard for workers who are risk-averse and who need clear instructions about their work role. Learning organizations can bring significant benefits to employees. Being part of the company processes transformation and being aligned with its goals are expected to make employees more motivated and dynamic. In this way, many of the aspects of the L. O. raise the levels of enjoying the work process. The job satisfaction in turn is expected to raise productivity levels. Also, because employees are more exposed to those in higher positions in the company, new career opportunities might arise together with monetary rewards. RISKS FOR COMPANY â€Å"No learning organization is built overnight. Success comes from carefully cultivated attitudes, commitments, and management processes that accrue slowly and steadily. The first step is to foster an environment conducive to learning. Analog Devices, Chaparral Steel, Xerox, GE, and other companies provide enlightened examples. † (http://w3. ualg. pt/~mzacaria/gic/HBR-Building-a-Leaning-Organization. pdf) 2. Organizations should be careful in applying new principles ensuring buy-in from most influential employees and checking progress not to fall into the trap of unfeasable change which could seriously hurt current business (see http://knowledge. wharton. upenn. edu/article. cfm? articleid=268) 4. Final considerations: As illustrated by the above analysis, as well by its overall economic performance in the last 11 years, it has become clear that XEROX has largely succeeded in becoming a LO. Arguably, Xerox has become so successful in it’s LO efforts that this has resulted in providing learning services to other companies through subsidiary spin offs, such as Xerox Learning Services. Concerning the evaluation of the theory proposed by Garvin, Gino and Edmondson, it has to be noted that the building blocks have to be seen as interdependent. Without effective leadership and learning environment, the learning process implementation will likely fail. Therefore, each of the above building blocks needs to be tackled by taylormade strategies, not least because companies do not perform consistently in each department. Similarly, organizations have to pay especial attention to comparing the extent of the learning process with other organizations, since only then you will have a solid benchmarking (in contrast to looking only at individual company performance over time). Attachment 1 ——————————————– [ 1 ]. O’Keeffe, T. 2002. Organizational Learning: a new perspective. Journal of European Industrial Training, 26 (2), pp. 130-141. [ 2 ]. Peter Senge (1990), â€Å"The Fifth Discipline† [ 3 ]. â€Å"Is yours a learning organization? † [ 4 ]. One good source on Xerox crisis times http://knowledge. wharton. upenn. edu/article. cfm? articleid=268 [ 5 ]. Building a L. O. [ 6 ]. http://www. economist. com/node/387740 [ 7 ]. http://www. economist. com/node/387740 [ 8 ]. http://mitleadership. mit. edu/r-mulcahy. php [ 9 ]. The following work will assume that the stance of the management towards encouraging the LO inside Xerox has remained constant. Since Mulcahy had been working with Burns for more than 9 years, Burns is expected to â€Å"put her own stamp on the company in a way that was deferential to the work of Ms. Mulcahy, who remains chairwoman. † See: http://www. nytimes. com/2010/02/21/business/21xerox. html? pagewanted=all&_r=1& [ 10 ]. http://www. freepatentsonline. com/article/SAM-Advanced-Management-Journal/20982068. html [ 11 ]. http://www. businesswire. com/news/home/20041027005036/en/Diversity-Practices-Organization-Recognizes-Xerox-Diversity-Leadership [ 12 ]. Farmer, Paula (August). â€Å"The First African American To Head A Fortune 500 Company, Franklin D. Raines Takes Over Fannie Mae†. The Black Collegian. Retrieved November 7, 2008. [ 13 ]. Bryant, A. (February 20, 2010) Xerox’s New Chief Tries to Redefine Its Culture, The New York Times [ 14 ]. Bryant, A. (February 20, 2010) Xerox’s New Chief Tries to Redefine Its Culture, The New York Times [ 15 ]. Garvin, Edmondson & Gino (2008), p. 4 [ 16 ]. Page 11: http://www. xerox. com/downloads/usa/en/n/nr_SixSigmaForumMag_2004_Aug. pdf It could be argued that these efforts were a spillover-effect from Xerox ground-breaking benchmarking efforts in its production process areas in billing, warehousing, and automated manufacturing. [ 17 ]. Page 13: http://www. xerox. com/downloads/usa/en/n/nr_SixSigmaForumMag_2004_Aug. pdf [ 18 ]. Slide 68:http://www. moyak. com/papers/learning-organization-presentation. pdf [ 19 ]. Easterby-Smith, M. , Crossan, M. , and Nicolini, D. 2000. Organizational learning: debates past, present and future. Journal of Management Studies. 37 (6) pp 783-796. See also Senge’s definition of â€Å"mental models†, which refer to how workers need to time to overcome old modes of thinking: Senge, P. M. 1990. The Fifth Discipline. London: Century Business. [ 20 ]. http://www. xerox. com/downloads/usa/en/n/nr_SixSigmaForumMag_2004_Aug. pdf [ 21 ]. Kaye, L. (November 15, 2010) Xerox’s Green Ideas Save Company $10. 2 Million, http://www. triplepundit. com/ [ 22 ]. Garvin, D. A. (2000), Learning in Action: a guide to putting the learning organization to work, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data – p. 105 [ 23 ]. Garvin, D. A. (2000), Learning in Action: a guide to putting the learning organization to work, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data – p. 105 [ 24 ]. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. : ImageXerox lean six sigma framework. Figure 3Xerox lean six sigma framework. emeraldinsight. com http://www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? articleid=1628232&show=html.